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Muscle Building Steroids: Abuses and Side Effects

Anabolic steroids are often thought of as muscle building steroids. In the popular media, athletes headline news items associated with its use, from the Olympics, baseball, to the Tour de France bicycle races. Steroids are androgens, a form of hormone. Testosterone esters are taken via injection while others such as 17-alpha-alkylated androgens are ingested orally. These are synthetic androgens. There are also hormones such as hCG that increases the secretion of testosterone. Androgen precursors such as androstendione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are sold over-the-counter as nutritional supplements. They are not as regulated as the other forms of muscle building steroids and have been promoted in body building magazines.

The effect of androgens is to increase muscle mass and muscle strength, but there is no evidence that higher levels of testosterone in the blood increases muscle strength. The side effects of high doses include suppression of testicular function, gynecomastia (growing of breasts), proliferation of red blood cells, hepatotoxicity, psychological disorders, cardiac disease, higher blood lipid levels, increased risk of coagulation disorders, chance of being more masculine in female users, stunting of growth, and increased risk of infections.

Suppression of testicular function will affect both sperm count, thus fertility, and affect the size of the testicles. Sperm count and testicular size return to normal after about four months of abstaining from steroid use.

Growth of female breast tissue arises when too much testosterone in the blood activates the conversion of it into female sex hormones, thus promoting breast development. Testosterone also promotes proliferation of blood cells, and an abundance of testosterone in the blood causes excessive proliferation.

Toxicity to the liver occurs when too much androgens is in the blood stream, resulting in higher concentrations of liver enzymes as well which will lead to liver cells filling up with blood and disruption of normal liver function.

Psychological disorders in men who abuse muscle building steroids include mood disorders and aggressive behavior. Cardiac issues arise when there are reports of sudden death in athletes and resultant biopsies show abnormalities in the cardiac tissues—cardiac hypertrophy or myocarditis. Related to this is the fact that higher lipids result when increased steroids in the blood lowers the “good” cholesterol, HDL.

Women who take steroids become more masculine for obvious reasons as this is a male sex hormone. Stunting of growth occurs because the plates where bone is still being deposited in young people prematurely fuse. Infections are more common due to frequent needle use and sharing.

Whether muscle building proteins are abused can be tested in a number of ways based upon the aforementioned side effects that these steroids confer. For men who use this, they will have physical signs and symptoms such as small testes, low sperm counts, high hematocrit and hemoglobin values, and low blood sex hormone binding globulin concentrations since these have all bound to the excess steroids. In women, they will have hirsutism (excess growth of hair), balding, or acne. Conventional urine testing for the urinary ratio of testosterone glucuronide to epitestosterone glucuronide ratio will show an increase. When growth hormone is abused, tests looking for markers of growth hormone can be used as well as immunoassays.

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